Objective 1.7 Hobbes Vs. Locke

        I agree with Locke who believes that people are naturally good and that we will  make decisions based on what is good for other people. Locke believed we should have a democracy, as do I. A democracy is good for government because all the people have a say and not just one person who will only do things for themselves. Locke says and I believe that people keep their promises and they are mostly peaceful, good, and pleasant. Hobbes believes people are naturally evil and we need an absolute democracy. He says men cannot know good and evil, and in consenquence can only live in peace together by subjection to absolute power of a common master. I disagree with this. For the most part, people focus on not only the good of themselves, but the good of their friends and family. I believe that Hobbes is wrong. 

             Locke's ideal form of government is a democracy and Hobbes' ideal form of government is an absolute monarch. Locke believes men have rights by nature and Hobbes' believes you conceited your rights to the government in return for your life. Locke believes humans are naturally good and Hobbes' believes people are naturally evil. Locke thinks people can have peace with themselves and can choose the right decisions so we can govern ourselves and Hobbes' thinks people can't govern themselves because it would be chaos. Locke believes the purpous of government is to protect our rights. Locke said if the government doesn't protect our rights we have the right to overtake the government. 

            I agree with Locke's beliefs that people are naturally good and we can govern ourselves. We should have a democracy because if we have an absolute monarch that's too much power for one person to have. We copy Locke's beliefs because we have a democracy with many people ruling instead of just one ruler. 

Compare and Contrast American and French Revolution

Enlightenment Survey

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Enlightenment in Europe Main Idea Log 22.2

Two Views on Government Thesis- John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both contributed ideas that started the Enlightenment although their views were very different.
Hobbes's Social Contract
-Believed humans were naturally selfish and wicked.
-Without government there would be war, life would be poor and short.
-Created a Social Agreement, people gave up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. (absolute monarchy)
Locke's Natural Rights
-Believed people could learn from experience and better themselves.
-Self-government
-All people are born free and equal with life, liberty, and property. (democracy)
The Philosophes Advocate Reason Thesis- French philosophers, philosophes, had 5 concepts for their beliefs; reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.
Voltaire Combats Intolerance
-Most brilliant and influential philosophes.
-Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, freedom of speech.
-His sharp tongue made him many opponents.
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
-Studied political liberty.
-Believed Britain's form of government was the best and most politically balanced, separation of powers.
-His idea of checks and balances was the base of the United States Constitution.
Rousseau: Champion of Freedom
-Philosophe committed to individual freedom.
-Believed civilization corrupted people's natural goodness.
-Direct democracy, his ideas inspired many leaders of the French Revolution to overthrow the monarchy.
Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
-Believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes.
-Argued that a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial and torture should not be used.
-Believed the punishment should be based off the seriousness of the crime.
Women and the Enlightenment Thesis- Women made a big impact in the enlightenment, changing how women were viewed, giving them more power.
Legacy of the Enlightenment Thesis- Philosophes challenged old beliefs and ideas, formed new theories, and inspired the American and French revolutionary movements. It helped shape modern civilization.
Belief in Progress
-With help from the ideas of Galileo and Newton, scientific knowledge quickened in the 1700s.
-Scientists made new discoveries.
-Philosophes urged an end to slavery and fought for greater social equality and democracy.
A More Secular Outlook
-People began to question their beliefs and the teachings of the church.
-Scientists discovered mathematical solutions to what people thought were the workings of God.
-Voltaire attacked some of the beliefs and practices of Christianity, hoping to get rid of superstition and promote tolerance of all religions.
Importance of the Individual
-People turned away from religion and looked to themselves instead.
-Encouraged to use their own ability to judge what is right or wrong.
-Adam Smith believed individuals acting in their own self interest promoted economic growth. 

 

The Scientific Revolution Main Idea Log 22.1

The Roots of Modern Science Thesis- European Scholars began challenging the ideas of the ancient thinkers and bible by observing nature themselves. 

The Medieval View

-People believed the earth was placed at the center of the universe and was immovable.

-This Theory was known as the geocentric theory, started by Aristotle.

-Christianity taught that God purposely placed the earth at the center of the universe.

A New Way of Thinking

-The Scientific Revolution came about, scholars challenged past ideas of ancient thinkers and the church.

-European exploration introduced new people, lands, and animals proving there was more to discover. 

-European Exploration also brought attention to scientific research, navigators made observations that didn't match ancient beliefs.

 

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe Thesis- A small group of scholars questioned the geocentric theory and proved it to be incorrect, they came up with the heliocentric theory. Copernicus and Galileo played an important role in these findings, Galileo's discoveries conflict with the opinions of the Church.

The Heliocentric Theory

-Nicolaus Copernicus discovered that the stars, the earth, and other planets revolved around the sun. Scared to publish his book because it conflicted with religious views.

-Published book the last year of his life.

-Tycho Brahe provided data of the movement of planets. When he died Kepler carried out his research and proved that the planets revolve around the sun.

Galileo's Discoveries

-Built a telescope in 1609.

-1610- published a book called Starry Messenger referring to his observations.

-Announced that Jupiter had 4 moons, he sun had dark spots, and the moon had a rough, uneven surface which ruined Aristotle's belief that the stars were made of a pure, perfect substance.

Conflict with the Church

-Galileo's findings went against the church. 

-Church warned Galileo not to support Copernicus's ideas.

-Put on trial, Galileo said he did not agree with Copernicus, sentenced to house arrest and died in his home, Catholic Church later finds out Galileo was correct.

 

The Scientific Method Thesis- The ideas of Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler developed into the Scientific Method, a procedure for gathering and testing ideas.

Bacon and Descartes

-Francis Bacon urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions, the experimental method known as, empiricism.

-Rene Descartes developed analytical geometry which links algebra and geometry.

-Descartes used mathematics and logic to find basic truths. "I think, therefore I am."

 

Newton Explains the Law of Gravity Thesis- Isaac Newton brought together the theories of Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler to produce one single theory of motion. He discovered, all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces and universal gravitation. In his book, The Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy, he states that the world is one big clock. Newton also believed God was the creator of the universe and set everything in motion.

 

The Scientific Revolution Spreads Thesis- Astronomers continued to explore the universe while science spread into many other categories. The human body was studied and medicines were invented to cure diseases in the body. Chemistry was also explored further.

Scientific Instruments

-Microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings and red blood cells.

-Galileo's student, Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer.

-Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass showing water freezing at 32 degrees while Anders Celsius made another mercury thermometer but showed the water freezing at 0 degrees.

Medicine and the Human Body

-Galen thought the human anatomy was the same as a pig.

-Andreas Vesalius proved Galen wrong and dissected a human body.

-Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox using cowpox.(world's first vaccination)

Discoveries in Chemistry

-Robert Boyle, considered founder of modern chemistry, challenged Aristotle's idea that the earth was made up of 4 elements; earth, fire, air, and water.

-He said the matter was made up of smaller particles that joined together in different ways.

-Boyle's law talks about how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.

 

Third Part

What is the connection between the two articles? The two readings are linked together by slavery. In modern day, we have human trafficking which is basically slavery. Girls are forced to do horrible things and it needs to change. Just like in the past we had what became known as slavery where black people were forced to work as if they were machines. Slavery has not completely ended and we need to do something about it.

Atlantic Slave Trade and Human Trafficking